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CubaNews translation. Edited by Walter Lippmann.
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http://www.walterlippmann.com/ch-09-17-2007.html Che, Trotsky and my favorite among Fidel’s reflections Celia Hart (Aporrea) Después de tanto tiempo y tanta tempestad Seguimos para siempre este camino largo, largo…. Por donde tú vas...[1]
Gerardo Alfonso As I was writing about how impressed I felt in Caracas with the debate on the new reforms to the Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, I received these reflections by Fidel (1), full of warnings and, more importantly, at the very best time.
Not that the danger facing our species and other global issues are not a priority to anyone who call themselves human; it’s that salvation can only be possible with a social system centered on man and not on the laws of economics and a social assembly where, rather than screws and nuts, we are the forgers of our own destiny.
This is the system Fidel stands for in his latest reflection. This is the practical, clear-cut system Che Guevara laid down for us, on which behalf many of the world’s best men and women gave their lives throughout history.
However, Fidel is wrong on one account. Those who talk about perestroika-like recipes and liberal solutions –and I mean liberal because they are not neo by a long shot, as Che admonished the socialist powers to their face more than forty years ago– are not from the extreme left. Fidel Castro is from the extreme left, or better yet, from the radical left, as I state more or less in my work “A la izquierda de Fidel está el barranco” (To Fidel’s left is the abyss) (2).
All of us communists would like the state to go extinct, BUT not before we manage to defeat the exploiting class. And who says socialism has triumphed anywhere in the world? Only one socialist revolution is still standing, and it’s in Cuba! Yet, it’s a socialist revolution and a socialist process, but not a socialist nation. And this is not semantics: socialism cannot exist within national boundaries, and I won’t be convinced of anything to the contrary.
So the enemy’s right there by our side, 90 miles away in the case of Cuba or just east of Caracas in Venezuela, and even in Miraflores sometimes. Borderlines turn a socialist society into a constant and permanent aspiration, and every effort to strengthen it and every piece of land we reclaim from Capitalism into a true victory, albeit a partial one. What can really take place within a piece of land is a socialist revolution. The concept of permanent revolution proves bothersome, since sometimes it’s difficult to understand that a revolution is a running tape, never a photograph or a punctual oscillation. It’s more like a wave than anything else: perpetual motion in time and space.
I can’t agree more with Atilio Borón: The problem with many authors is that they fail to conceive the revolution as a process, much less as a process which is initially quite reformist. (3)
A good communist, he declared in 1905, is a communist whom they have tried to silence, mutilate and defame, albeit to no avail, because history has prevented it, and so that communist is reborn in full color, like a rainbow after the rain. This is something everyone had foreseen –I mean, the communists, not their confiscators.
Without exception, all those who tried to make a revolution worth the trouble looked sideways and strived to make it stronger, whether or not they had read Leon Trotsky. Every successful attempt at a revolution has to go through this concept… and that’s the rule, not the exception.
The permanent revolution we have in Cuba was somehow started by José Martí when he founded a workers’ party, linked Cuban independence to that of Puerto Rico’s and attached more importance to the influence of the United States on the lands of Our America than to our own freedom. Some day we will have to analyze this permanent revolution which, free at last of Stalinism’s ideological sequelae –more devastating than the death of millions of revolutionaries worldwide– was able to find its fulcrum in Caracas. But that’s another topic that warrants closer, separate scrutiny.
And Fidel is one more among these communists and aware that we’re going through a permanent revolution. What else was the Pledge of Baraguá? Is it not what the Bolivarian and Latin American revolution have pursued?
Fidel Castro is indeed a revolutionary… A communist revolutionary bounded by neither time nor space and deprived of any confusing adjectives. It’s a revolutionary of all seasons and places.
Blessed be his reflection then, for at one fell swoop it shoos every pirouette to restore past times and disperses the winds that could make us dock at the port of reformism.
A stirring speech
Perhaps because of my limited intelligence, the way to turn Raúl’s statements into a reality is yet to become clear to me: types of ownership, self-management, small-scale private property, the disappearance of the state... as I have read in quite a few articles that I’d rather leave unmentioned here. (4)
Raúl made an appeal to work more, organize ourselves better, clear our fields of marabú[2], question whatever we do wrong… and also stressed on the unyielding resolve to struggle for our socialist revolution at all costs. At no time did he say that we should resort to the NEP, its methods or its kulaks to plant more beans and improve our living conditions, as many people would who believe we can only achieve socialism by using the chipped weapons of capitalism that Che so often cursed. May Che catch us in the act of confession 40 years after his murder if we ever fall for the cock-and-bull story that working under the reins of mercantilism and sharing with a socialist power base is just the ticket to a new society!
It’s on Che’s economic thoughts where we shoud set our strategic sights now if we really want to take the revolution as it is: never-ending struggle.
I was reluctant to talk about all this within the concentric circle of the gray quinquennium because I just didn’t understand the ramifications of this issue, and by then I could already see the snake swallowing its own tail.
Not for fear! It suffices to read a little of what I’ve done to know that it’s exactly the opposite. All those who complain about me assure –rightly or wrongly– that I’m reckless, or even a “terrorist”, but not a coward.
But now, in the middle of so much commotion, my Commander came to the fore and explained what’s obvious, yet I can’t forgive him for tagging as left-wing extremists those who propose quite rightish plans to save the Cuban Revolution.
And it’s not on our friend James Petras where the danger lies. In my view, Petras is wrong about some key issues in his article Cuba: Permanent Revolution… (5), but he’s one of the very few intellectuals who stood by Cuba that time when those who jeopardized our national security were sent to the firing squad. We disagree over many things, including his too demanding approach to the revolutionary processes going on in our Continent. Again, I share Atilio Borón’s opinion about Petras’s mistaken stance regarding the Cuban revolutionary process (3). Petras’s not a reformist, though. He has joined every campaign in favor of the Cuban Revolution as a committed Marxist, but his views are somewhat sectarian and stubborn. I say this because we have met in more than one conference, where we have talked for hours on end about these topics. James Petras is not a danger. Regardless of his conflicting opinions, he has supported our struggles all along.
Naïve though his article about Cuba may be, I fully agree with one aspect of his speech: the need that our media cover political issues in Cuba and elsewhere to a greater extent. Similar statements came from meetings held by young artists, and it’s something I also request hereinbelow: we need further spaces. But mind me, not just any space! I’m talking about well-defined revolutionary and politically oriented spaces. We barely –and fortunately– have the Round-Table Discussion, but we need many more. I remember a TV program they used to broadcast through the Learning Channel, called Videoteca Contracorriente, where Cuban intellectuals would interview full-fledged left-wing intellectuals such as José Saramago, Howard Zinn, Noam Chomsky and even James Petras himself. For one hour we would get acquainted with the thoughts of these exponents as necessary to us nowadays as others like Fernando Martínez Heredia, Osvaldo Martínez, etc., what with so many things they have to say. Cuba is in dire need of this kind of programs, especially now when Fidel’s voice is no longer on TV, the most popular mass media.
Moreover, James Petras belies the very title he uses. He talks about permanent revolution without taking into account the widespread process underway within the Latin American context and the humanitarian aid that this revolutionary expansion brings with it.
Whether or not Fidel agrees, this is his most important reflection, not as useful to Petras as it is to others who do have recourse to liberal reform –well-meaning though they may be– in order to make progress, and many of whom have found in Raúl’s speech an excuse to set in motion a number of processes which bring to mind perestroika, glasnot and other no less regrettable turn-of-the-century occurrences.
Our risk comes from those in and outside Cuba who look forward to a slow reestablishment of the past status quo and use buzzwords like efficienty, productivity, etc., forgetting that things have changed from the time when the Yugoslavians gambled with the corporate self-management which Che criticized so much, and that the Cuban Revolution is not pulsating in Cuba alone, but also in the streets of Latin America and inside Venezuela’s PSUV, where it’s finally gaining ground. There’s no way that it can be won in only one country. Nor will they be able to defeat us in only one country. Should the world be late in its commitment to the revolution, should no one be found who can permanently join this socialist project –the only one we’ve got– where a Havana-Caracas Axis is now beginning to take definite shape with justifiable reasons to succeed, then the Cuban people’s best children will uprise and with them the entire human race Fidel has defended so much in his reflections. If so, it will be Numancia all over again, and we’ll gladly die before surrendering to the Empire. If it wants to go down in history, the fate of the Cuban project depends on taking not one step backwards! Not even to get up speed! As Raúl Castro rightly said years ago, “not even one tiny weeny cloying reform”, considering that we are no longer alone.
Venezuela is following in our footsteps, and they should definitely step up their pace because this time the PSUV and Marxist battalions in that country are also defending the revolutionary process of a whole century. Let the Venezuelan “super-revolutionaries” be extra careful, since the Cuban Revolution is being defended there too. Chávez has appealed for the International… Fine, but I hope he won’t make me join hands with so many useless presidents in the Continent! Chávez has just warned the Bolivian oligarchy to watch their steps, because “we” also have a plan of our own! That’s how a revolutionary speaks who understands the permanent revolution, since only by finding his true allies in and outside Venezuela can Bolívar be brought back to life and Fidel’s and Che’s revolution be assisted. A great responsibility, that of the Venezuelan people and their leader.
For our part, we Cubans would be murderers and political suicides were we to let ourselves be dazzled by the glamour of reform and give the Cuban Revolution the go-by right at this very moment. Our memory would be dragged through the mud longer than the USSR’s ever was.
What these new reformists got all wrong is that, at 81, ill and at times invisible, Lenin has not passed away in Cuba. He’s there, ahead of him the longed-for “revolution in Europe” needed to truly realize the triumph of the ideals treasured by the world’s best communists.
This time the Caribbean Lenin, the tropical Bolsheviks and the revolution awaiting us in Venezuela and throughout America won’t let us sit back to build something impossible. Now we have been called on to build what’s possible, the only thing to prevent human extinction: a gradual transition from a society of exploiters and exploited to a society of learned, committed workers whose happiness is by no means subject to any form of ownership, even if they will own the stars, the sea and the oil, and become masters of their own destiny.
I’ve been accused of being an extremist… Well, I am, as long as those halfhearted, affected measures recommended to my country come from the left and require nothing but a recreation of productive forces in detriment of new forms of production.
No capitalist reforms can be made to a socialist revolution other than to destroy it. Just read Rosa Luxemburg’s much better analysis in her critical approach to the Russian revolution. (6)
The color of quinquennia
A gray, pink or magenta quinquennium… So what? Was there ever a revolution without one of them?
Those years were not exactly easy on the intellectuals. I know, because one way or another I remember how my parents reacted to that process. They were both either actors in or victims of those events.
However, the best artists, the best believers, the best writers and the best homosexuals have sided with the Revolution, and without further ado! There are Silvio and Pablo and Cintio and Fina, but not the scoundrels who tried to silence them. That I know thanks to Haydée Santamaría, who launched a fierce attack against every sign of maliciousness in the field of arts without letting go for one second of her well-lubricated rifle. My mom used to say that art could be mediocre in times of struggle no more than a rifle could misfire in the battlefield… Art’s ONLY creative mission in times of revolution is to be of use. And that doesn’t come from me: José Martí said it. “Everything to the fire, even the arts that feed the bonfire” (7). True, justice won through in Cuba… but winning in a corner of the planet is not enough: it must win in many other places, lest it never really succeed in that corner.
A revolution sorts out the wheat from the chaff with more or less speed. The best Cuban art is found in the revolutionary streets, which are neither gray nor pink, much less tainted with a resentful dull brown. Cuba’s streets must always be olive green and very, very red.
Those unwilling to be affected by a revolution on the go would better stand aside and spend their free time growing daysies!
What yesterday was a tragedy to many wonderful brothers and comrades is today a joke, to paraphrase Karl Marx in his Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte.
But there’s more, because we the intellectuals always believe to be the most fiercely persecuted and the first victims of anything, and see ourselves as the center of the universe.
This is merely one of a thousand examples I could mention here:
One of my Trotskyist comrades, Ydalberto, went to prison for eight years. He was not just ostracized or excluded: he actually served time! His charges: gibing at Soviet bureaucracy. Ha! Can you imagine that? Now there’s no bureaucracy in the USSR. Ydalberto could have left the country, could have joined the paltry opposition efforts endemic to those squalid groups of intellectuals we see around lying in wait for the first scraps like ordinary birds of pray. But he didn’t. He now lives at 12 Monte Street in Old Havana, feels like he’s still in Leon Trotsky’s age, and remains a supporter of Fidel and the Cuban Revolution, which he deems a permanent revolution. As a revolutionary, he helped disseminate Trotsy’s work across Cuba, notwithstanding the Stalin-like atmosphere that prevailed those days. Most Cuban Trotskyists –those who were real revolutionaries, like Ñico de la Torre– embraced the 26th of July Movement, unlike the Stalinists, who kept the People’s Socialist Party by labeling Fidel an adventurer… up until they had no option but to accept him. Ydalberto was released from his first prison term by Che Guevara. By the time he was convicted again in 1973, our Che had already been killed. While in prison, Ydalberto taught Marxism and changed three whole sections of convicts into revolutionaries.
This extremely discerning 90-year-old Trotskyite appeared in Chávez’s TV program Aló Presidente and hailed the Bolivarian and the Cuban revolutions from the balconies of Caracas’s Teresa Carreño theater. And much as he insists that he’s not a “Fidelista” (that old Trotskyist prejudice) very few have done a better job of backing the revolutionary ideas of this sharp left-wing Fidel who assured Celia Sánchez fighting the Yankees was to be his real destiny (8). In his letter Fidel made no distinction between Democratic or Republican governments: he simply waged war on the Yankees and the effects of Imperialism.
So let’s not believe that the intellectuals were the only ones who had the revolution’s finger pointed at now and then. Such is the price of being a revolutionary. If we compare Cuba with other revolutions, hallelujah! We’re the queen of Revolutions, blemished by no forced exiles, murders or concentration camps.
Much like our best intellectuals, those workers and peasants who were also discriminated against at a given time have wiped away their tears and are now ready to die for this project, should it come to that.
In truth, the rest is unworthy of mention.
Our hardships, contradictions and solutions
We have a lot of problems. Transport and housing have no doubt become heavy burdens, and there’s the double-currency disaster, the lack of congruence between labor and real wage, and a whole string of calamities that any Cuban ten-year-old can recite by request.
However, that’s not the question here; at least I don’t think it applicable to take stock of all the contradictions that building socialism in an isolated country may entail, mainly when submitted to a blockade to boot, which is the first and greatest contradiction of the bunch.
I would go further: we’re at war with Imperialism; there are prisoners “of war”. What else can we call our five comrades? Are they ordinary undocumented criminals? The real reason they were convicted is that they are revolutionaries. So whenever we talk about our endless needs and the deep-rooted “day-to-day exertion” to get by, let’s also bear in mind that there are five prisoners of war held in enemy territory, sentenced for saving our children and standing up for our Revolution.
That’s why I find Fidel’s reflection so fruitful.
What did they expect, a bed of roses? After the collapse of socialism –as if such thing were so– what was in store for Cuba, other than falling into Miami’s rotten lap, where rather than a gray quinquennium, art and reflection have gone through fifty years of sinister darkness?
I won’t talk about our successes, already covered by Fidel in this, his most suitable reflection. I’d like to talk about HOW we managed to overcome other difficulties whose solutions no one has reviewed so far, namely: our stability in energy production; our primary school classrooms, each with 20 students, a computer, a TV set and a VCR; extending school hours to the afternoon in secondary education; taking university education to the municipalities; the social workers and art instructors, etc., just to mention the latest solutions to last-minute problems.
It was neither through reforms to trade nor establishing private property that we achieved this remarkable feat, but by committing the people to these endeavors, conducting a revolution and mobilizing ourselves, with Fidel Castro’s hours-long speeches on TV, much the way it is in Venezuela, where Chávez speaks for hours on end just like Lenin, Trotsky or Che Guevara did. However, I still don’t understand, and forgive my insistence, why the majestic program Aló Presidente from revolutionary Venezuela are not broadcasted in Cuba, since those reflections belong to us as well, and we need them, as they are the perfect way to engage with another revolution and in turn with our Commander Fidel who, as we know, watches that program. Chávez’s weekly greeting –How are you, Fidel?– would bring together all Cuban and Venezuelan revolutionaries.
In one respect I disagree with James Petras: revolutionary persuasion is paramount, and not everybody has –or needs– Fidel’s ability, which president Hugo Chávez now boasts, albeit in a different way.
I’m not the fool I so often seem to be. I’m aware that there are well-intentioned friends in Cuba and abroad trying to help our Revolution... May I be forgiven, but I can’t help getting panicky just thinking of Eastern Europe in the early 1990s. Paraphrasing José Martí, I lived inside that other socialist monster and know its entrails.
Many well-meaning comrades thought it was the end of Stalinist bureaucracy and held up the standards of glory in face of what they took for the working class’s apparent freedom from bureaucracy. And everything turned out to be nothing but a morbid feint of history.
Most of us were delighted to welcome glasnot and perestroika with open arms... except Fidel.
We managed to save the Cuban Revolution by renouncing the mercantile mechanisms back in the days of wartime Communism. Then we had to decriminalize the market, which we turned sideways to do and making sure our nose was blocked, aware that it was just a moment in time and not the ultimate solution.
Like a sort of modern Greece armed with other resources, we won great battles in this country: Bay of Pigs, the Missile Crisis, the Literacy Campaign, the war in Angola, our healthcare and schooling levels, the safety of our children... none of which we owe to the market.
Yes, counting on a strong State. Yes and a thousand times yes! And God knows I see the State as a repressive entity bound to disappear! But not before we ascend into Heaven. Stripping the State from its power now, whether in Cuba or Venezuela, is as good as rendering the landing gear of an aircraft useless right before it takes off. It’s the law of dynamics.
When in the period of construction, the State must be strengthened. Otherwise, we’d better read Lenin’s “The State and Revolution” all over again! Taking power away from the proletarian State is like taking it away –now of all times!– from the working class whose mission it is to be in charge of the State.
Now, what’s the State’s role in a transition period? What’s the dictatorship of the proletariat? As Antonio Gramsci said:
“The creation of the proletarian state is not simply a magic trick, but a process of development... It needs to further develop and empower the production institutions and the people... see to it that the men therein are communist and conscious of the revolutionary mission assigned to their institutions. Otherwise, despite all our enthusiasm and faith in the working masses, we will be unable to prevent the revolution from becoming another miserable parliament of conceited and irresponsible troublemakers, and other, more appalling sacrifices will be necessary for the advent of the proletarian state.” (9)
I keep wondering whether or not Che ever read Antonio Gramsci.
Of course, both bureaucracy and the inevitable corruption that dwells in its bosom are our enemies. The remedy to that, however, will never come from the market with its blind laws, but from community councils, factory boards and people’s power. For that reason we will have to pay a great deal of attention to Venezuela’s Bolivarian Constitution. The chance will come to talk about that.
Being afraid of the State in times of a socialist revolution is like refusing to make love for fear of getting an STD. Let’s protect ourselves then with the necessary condoms and make revolutionary love! Let’s find the antibiotics and vaccines against the omnipresent corruption and bureaucracy without murdering the patient to eliminate the disease.
Give me just one example where the market laws were our allies! In fact, we owe our current inequalities, grievances and uncertainties to the measures taken in 1994 and the social stratification they brought forth that is now fortunately in a downward trend.
For the time being, we must preserve the State as a repressive organ, yes sir, if only to repress whatever external and internal capitalist strategy to snatch the Revolution out of our hands.
The U.S. Congress and Senate have just voted unanimously to approve 47 million dollars for the internal counterrevolution in Cuba (10). Very well, let’s see them share out properties for people to buy and sell! If that kind of money ever gets to circulate in Cuba, it won’t be two years before our accomplishments become totally worthless. Fidel made it quite clear in his reflection: “Many of the dwellings could be acquired by the enemy intelligence agencies or their allies”. (1)
And I’m sick and tired of hearing people in and outside Cuba say with a touch of nostalgia and without any heed of our social achievements that before the Revolution, in times of private property and its by-products, the country exported beef, milk flowed like water, food was obscenely cheap and sugar cane was three times thicker than it is now. That there was no marabú anywhere, the streets crawled with buses, and Havana looked like a postcard with its beautiful houses...
Yet, for each of those “surplus” cows in capitalist Cuba, ten children starved to death; for each piece of “surplus” sugar cane produced by the monopolies, ten young Cubans were unable to go to the university; the more punctual and comfortable our buses were, the higher the number of pregnant mothers who arrived in the hospital too late to save their child; for every beautiful house they made, many more families were kicked out of theirs and one more school was left unbuilt.
It’s clear that the two possibilities don’t have to be mutually exclusive, but even if they were we must not regret having chosen the only democratic path, if I may borrow Aristotle’s term.
I once said that if the price of making reforms were winning less Olimpic medals or seeing our children walking around barefoot, then don’t try to sell me that image as an alternative, for I would fight against it with might and main, “Comrade Mauser” in hand should the need arise.
The Cuban people must find another solution to the food and transport crises and our daily hardships, like we did with the energy revolution, by means of small-scale revolutions instead of small-scale private ownership and appealing to human consciousness as socialism’s most enterprising driving force, lest Che Guevara’s economic thoughts be shelved again.
Or does anybody believe the discussion about constructing socialism is a new thing? Or that Lenin, Trotsky, Fidel, Che Guevara, Mao and others who undertook socialist revolutions had no interest in making them survive in an unfriendly capitalist environment?
Contrary to many people’s assertion, it was not that “the conditions were not adequate yet” what put paid to the Russian Revolution, the wonderful one that blew the czarist empire and more than 10 armies to kingdom come and had to tailor Marxist thinking to a backward land of peasants, which engaged Karl Marx with the Soviets. That beauty went up in smoke for a number of other reasons: the rise of the bureaucratic caste within the Pary, the slaying of the international communist movement in the name of efforts to defend the socialist homeland –that confined peaceful coexistence and socialism to a single country and gave every newly-formed revolution the cold shoulder– and, as a coup de grâce, the careless forays into economic projections and excessive use of the law of value following the sadly well-known 20th Congress of the CPSU, where Stalinism’s severity also made itself felt. Leaderless as it was everywhere, the left movement was unable to come to socialism’s defense in those difficult days.
It collapsed precisely for having overstepped the bounds it had to maneuver, for turning temporary or spur-of-the-moment tactics into the laws of history, for failing to tell peremptory from permanent. That, if nothing else, is what put Stalin in power. By appointing as Secretary-General of the Communist Party someone whose ideological aims went barely beyond the Russian steppes, they disregarded the value of ideology to construct socialism. In a recent article, Félix Sánchez Rodríguez (11) wrote to some extent about ideological dictatorship. From here I tell him, yes, that’s what it’s all about: let us be “governed” by an ideology with deep roots in our conscience, since as such we would be governing ourselves consciously. Watch out, though: an apprehended ideology is one thing, but a dictatorship based on decrees and instructions is a different thing altogether, as it responds to no ideology whatsoever and, more often than not, ends up working for the other side.
Che Guevara’s economic thoughts are yet to be duly understood. Unfortunately, he’s seen as the romantic spirit behind voluntary work.
It was not out of a moral or aesthetic itch that Che Guevara strongly opposed the use of capitalism’s economic weapons to construct a new society. He simply stuck to logics.
In his recently resurrected book Critical Notes…, specifically in the chapter “Some reflections about the socialist transition” that he wrote by way of preface, Che states:
Individual material interest was capitalism’s quintessential weapon that some are trying now to raise to the category of a lever to development, but it is limited to a society where no exploitation is allowed. Under these circumstances, man cannot put into practice all his fabulous possibilities to produce (CAPITALISM) nor develop himself as a conscious constructor of the new society (SOCIALISM) (…)
On the other hand, the automatic nature of this system faces serious obstacles: the law of value cannot operate freely for lack of a permanent market for the producers to compete, whether or not they are profitable and efficient, and where the inefficient ones would die of starvation. We must ensure a number of products and good prices for the people, etc., etc. (12)
That’s why Che was not naïve. My favorite Cuban economist, Osvaldo Martínez, talked about his practical virtues precisely when this book was launched at Casa de las Américas. In every line Che reminds us that, unlike socialism, economy has a surname in socialism, its full name being political economy.
Osvaldo, who is in charge –fortunately!– of economic affairs in our National Assembly, said:
That political economy waiting to be written will have to spring from the general basis of Marx, Engels and Lenin and gradually add critical reviews –within a context of profound discussion that Che practiced– of the thoughts developed on the edge of the contradictions between imperialism and socialism, that is, Rose Luxemburg, Trotsky, Bukharin, Preobrazhenski, Gramsci and many others, with special emphasis on Fidel’s thoughts and bearing in mind Latin America’s renewed left-wing thoughts.
In this regard, Che’s theoretical and practical work has to be present, since in my opinion, besides other titles of higher historical hierarchy, Che is also the most creative and original of all Cuban economists. He even gave us the draft plan of the work he had no time to write which, for want of his talent, is bound to be the result of a collective effort. (13)
I’m not stressing on Che’s qualities as an economist for the fun of it. Che is –in present tense– our best economist, as assured by Osvaldo, a most prestigious expert.
Such is the challenge facing all revolutionaries.
This is why, at the risk of being thrown stones at by my comrades, I share’s view that the NEP was the first blunder. Our good old Lenin died too soon to knock it down, and it fell to Trotsky to live through the brutal stage of Stalinism. And when in exile, rejected by all nations and stalked by both the imperialists and all Stalinist CPs, he did his best to denounce Stalin’s terrible about-face and his forced collectivization, got involved in the ups and downs of World War Two, and fought against all odds to re-establish the International that Stalin had intentionally disbanded. Finally, it fell to his lot to be murdered.
As the most industrious Marxist of the 1960s, Che noticed the renewed dangerous attempts to retake the NEP. And I say he was the most industrious one because he observed the events from the inside, unlike so many brilliant left-wing theoreticians who had no real chance to take part in a socialist revolution. And given that the lion looks different depending on whether you’re watching from a seat of the Coliseum or facing it down there in the arena, we’d better listen to those who have been there and done that.
“We are intent on hiding not one opinion for tactial reasons, but at the same time we must reach conclusions sufficiently logical and far-reaching to help us solve problems instead of just raising unanswerable questions.
“We think this is an important task because Marxist research in the field of economy is taking a dangerous turn.
“The headstrong dogmatism of Stalinism has been replaced by inconsistent pragmatism and what’s tragic about it is that it’s not limited to just one field of science: it’s happening in every aspect of life in the socialist countries, creating enormously harmful disruptions the ultimate consequences of which are impossible to estimate”. (14)
Therefore, no one shoud think the paradoxes of socialist construction are having their first showing. That Stalinism and its effects silenced a number of voices and even killed the voicers doesn’t mean we are bright visionaries who have discovered warm water.
While Leon Trotsky was Stalinism’s chief downfall to the extreme that it cost him his life in 1940, Che Guevara –whose stature seems to grow as we get to learn more about events then undisclosed– displayed uncompromising resolve in his fight against the other side of the coin, that is, capitalism and its dangers.
Reading Trotsky and Che Guevara at the same time is a real treat for your intellect and your faith in people, as well as a step forward in the ultimate implementation of our revolutionary principles.
Che foretold the notorious perestroika with clockwork precision, and to him we owe the only happy attempt ever made IN THE WORLD to straighten out the course of socialism, first in the 1960s, through the resources of the permanent revolution, which he extended to other continents. Then it was Fidel’s turn in the 1980s, when against most people’s opinion he warned of the USSR’s impending demise.
Tears come to my eyes when I recall that 1987. I had just arrived from Eastern Germany when I first heard of a man named Leon Trotsky who had criticized everything I had bewailed concerning the real socialism. It’s still very fresh in my mind when that same year, twenty years after Che Guevara had been killed and soon after Carlos Tablada had published “El Pensamiento Económico de Ernesto Che Guevara” (15) –which I didn’t read then– Fidel Castro gave one of his most significant speeches, which should be published again together with the one he delivered on November 17, 2005 since both are centered on the same ideas and alert us to the same dangers even if the time span between them is almost 20 years.
Rectification of mistakes and negative tendencies was its name, in case anyone forgets. As in his latest reflection, Fidel said in 1987:
“As proof of what I said before about Che’s presence and validity, I could ask: is there a better time to remember Che with the strongest and deepest feelings of appreciation and gratitude than a day like this, an anniversary like this? Is there a better moment than this, when the rectification process is at full speed?
“What are we rectifying? We are rectifying precisely all those things –and there are many of them– that strayed from the revolutionary spirit and lost their revolutionary creativity and their revolutionary virtues; things that lost their spirit of solidarity among men. We are rectifying all kinds of botched jobs and mediocrities which were precisely the antithesis of Che’s ideas, revolutionary thoughts, style, spirit and example.
“I really believe, and I am very pleased to say it, that if Che were sitting right here on this chair now he would be quite jubilant and happy about what we are doing these days, just as he would have felt very unhappy about that shameful period when a number of views, mechanisms and vices related to the construction of socialism started to turn up which would have made Che feel deep, terrible bitterness (...)
“Had Che ever been told that some enterprises fulfilled their production target and distributed bonuses to fulfill their plans in values, but not in supplies, and devoted themselves instead to producing more value-adding commodities and not the least profitable items –even if the former were useless without the latter– Che would have been aghast.
“Had Che been told that money was about to become man’s chief concern and incentive, consistent as he was in his attacks against that trend; or that the working hours were not respected and millions were paid for overtime; that our workers’ mentality was getting corrupted, a peso sign increasingly visible on their foreheads, Che would have been aghast, because he knew that those well-trodden paths would lead to anything but communism and, if taken, the day would come when we would have to give up all ideas about human solidarity and even internationalism, for they would never lead us to the new mand and the new society (...) (16)
That’s forty years later… it’s Che all over again, as if raised from the dead.
Fidel and the permanent revolution
Being Cuban entails a great responsibility, because we have counted on three of the world’s greatest men, José Martí, Che Guevara and Fidel, to construct our project. Not many peoples had that chance.
I still don’t know why Fidel’s fortunate interviewers never asked him up front how he understood or conceived the term Permanent Revolution. It has always struck me that the most permanent revolutionary in history –not because he’s the best of the bunch, but because he has lived the longest among the best– has never said a word about it.
Nonetheless, I have already gotten out of that hypothetical crisis, since there’s plenty of explicit literature about that fact:
I pick out the permanent revolution in his fight for the Bolivarian revolution, his all-encompassing concerns, and his endless, staunch backing of the Venezuelan and Bolivian processes at the expense of our limited resources and despite a certain lack of understanding in Cuba and abroad. Let it be known that this is the revolution unfolding before the eyes of Our America, the one Lening, Rose and Trotsky failed to see in Europe by a strange twist of fate!
Besides, I still have his answer in “Cien horas con Fidel” (One Hundred Hours with Fidel) to author Ignacio Ramonet’s syrupy question about the possibility that the Cuban Revolution had triumphed following the attack against the Moncada garrison in 1953 (...)
Fidel’s reply was:
“If I were asked today what would have been better, I would talk about alternatives, because if we had triumphed with the Moncada I’d have to say that it would have been too early to triumph. Although nothing had been worked out yet, the support of the USSR after our victory in 1959 was paramount. But things would have been different in 1953. Stalin’s spirit and policy prevailed in the USSR then. Even if he had died in March, 1953, a few months before the attack, it was still his time. And Stalin was no Khrushchev. (17)
It could be symbolic that Leon Trotsky’s ashes are kept in Mexico and not in Russia where, incidentally, the perestroika and glasnot junkies claimed for the Czar’s family and never for the head of the Red Army. It could be symbolic that the only government in the world’s history to commemorate August 20 is Bolivarian Venezuela.
I know what they’ll say: “It has never been commemorated in Cuba”, to which I’m quick to reply that there’s a time and place for everything, that the evidence of the permanent revolution is more pressing than ever before, and that Cuba nevertheless defended the thesis of this concept as no other revolution in recorded history.
Paraphrasing [Spanish writer] Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer when he said, “There may be no poets, but there will always be poetry”, I’ll say that whether or not we grasp the meaning of Leon Trotsky’s permanent revolution, it will always be there, waiting for our delays and fears to go away. And if the communists fail to grasp it, the dogs and ants will, and even those yet to read his postulates.
Newton’s apple will keep falling down even if we deny gravity.
That’s today’s world, and no other. However, I don’t want another world where to fight, either. The most Marxist period in history is unfolding before us. On neoliberal globalization’s heels comes its own gravedigger in the hands of the permanent revolution, whose theories have overcome every conservative or Stalinist barrier, divisionism or misinterpretation of principles within the Trotskyist movement, because truth be told, we have all done our bit in this big mess.
There’s no doubt that the world and its transformation depend on our ability to mobilize the conscience of this species, whose members have fought so hard to survive in the only known suitable place to live.
As to me, I will use Carl Sagan’s words: “I like to live in an universe where much still remains unknown but there is room for interpretation at the same time. A universe that we know entirely would be static and depressing, as boring as the heaven promised by certain theologists who are poor in spirit.
“An unknowable universe is certainly not a proper place for a thinking being. The perfect universe for us is something quite similar to the place where we live in. And I dare say that it’s not purely coincidental.” (18)
In the same way, the permanent revolution we have applied ourselves to the task of implementing is the “most ideal” of all revolutions… and as such I dare say, like Carl Sagan, that it’s not purely coincidental.
Referencias 1. Fidel Castro, “Los superrevolucionarios”, Rebelión, September 5, 2007 2. Celia Hart, “A la izquierda de Fidel está el barranco” – A propósito de mi entrevista en La Jornada el 5 de abril”, Rebelión, April 11, 2005. 3. Atilio Borón, in an interview granted to Fernando Arellano Ortiz (“Atilio Borón plantea alternativa al neoliberalismo”), Rebelión, September 8, 2007. 4. Raúl Castro, speech for the 50th anniversary of the attack on the Moncada Garrison, Granma, July 27, 2007. 5. James Petras and Robin Eastman-Abaya, “Cuba: Revolución Permanente y Contradicciones Contemporáneas”, Rebelión, August 24, 2007. 6. Rosa Luxemburg, “The Russian Revolution: a critical approach”, coordinated by Adolfo Sánchez Vázquez. Textos Vivos Grijalbo, Mexico, 1980, p. 42. 7. José Martí, “La exhibición de pinturas del ruso Vereschagin”, January 13, 1889. Selected Works in Three Volumes, Volume II, Ed. Política, Havana, 1979, p. 325. 8. Fidel Castro “Carta de Fidel a Celia Sánchez”, Sierra Maestra mountains, June 5, 1958 (available through Pedro Álvarez Tabío, Oficina de Publicaciones del Consejo de Estado, 2004). 9. Antonio Gramsci, “La organización económica y el socialismo”. Escritos Políticos (1917-1933), Ed. Siglo XXI, Mexico, 1998. 10. Max Lesnik, “Los que cobran y los que pagan”, Radio Miami, September 7, 2007. 11. Félix Sánchez Rodríguez, “Lecturas desde el muro”, August 26, 2007. 12. Ernesto Che Guevara, “Critical Notes on Political Economy” (taken from the preface “Some reflections about the socialist transition”), Ocean Sur (an Ocean Press project) and the Center for Che Guevara Studies, 1st edition, 2006, p. 12. 13. Osvaldo Martínez, “Che y su grito desde el subdesarrollo” (Speech given by Dr. Osvaldo Martínez in the presentation of Ernesto Che Guevara’s book “Critical Notes on Political Economy”), Rebelión, June 16, 2006. 14. Ernesto Che Guevara, “Critical Notes on Political Economy”, Ocean Sur (an Ocean Press project) and the Center for Che Guevara Studies, 1st edition, 2006, p. 29. 15. Carlos Tablada, “El Pensamiento Económico de Ernesto Che Guevara” (winner of the Casa de las Américas Book Award), 1st edition, 1986 (over 30 editions have been published in different countries and languages). 16. Fidel Castro, speech delivered on October 8, 1987, in the main Ceremony for the 20th Anniversary of Ernesto Che Guevara’s Death (available in the book “El Pensamiento Económico de Ernesto Che Guevara”, by Carlos Tablada, 29th edition, p. 77). 17. Ignacio Ramonet, “Cien Horas con Fidel”, 1st edition, Editora del Consejo de Estado, p. 137. 18. Carl Sagan, “El Cerebro de Broca”, Ediciones Grijalbo, 1981, Spain, p. 37 (1st edition, 1974).
[1] “After so much time and so many storms / we followed this long, long way… / where you’re going…” (T.N.) [2] A thorny bush that grows wild. (T.N.)
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From: Celia Hart Santamaria
<chart@cubarte.cult.cu>
El Che, Trotsky y mi reflexión
favorita de Fidel
Celia Hart, especial para Aporrea.org - www.aporrea.org 11/09/07 - http://www.aporrea.org/ideologia/a41014.html
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