Nelson Mandela in his 90s
David González López,
Havana
A CubaNews translation by Will
Reissner.
Edited by Walter Lippmann.
Nelson
Rolihlahla Mandela was born in a rural area in what is today the
Western Cape Province of South Africa on July 18, 1918. Upon
reaching his 90th birthday, just a few days ago, he has received
congratulations from every corner of the world, where he is
today seen as a symbol of the intransigence, firmness, and
sagacity of the Africans in their struggle for justice and the
full dignity of man.
Mandela was born in the township of
Umtata in Transkei, within the Tembu clan of the Imbizu tribe of
the Xhosa people. Mandela has indicated that his father, Chief
Henry, had four wives, and neither Chief Henry nor the wife who
gave birth to Nelson ever attended school. Because of his social
position, Mandela seemed destined for a high position in the
traditional Xhosa leadership. But the boy who spent the first
years of his childhood in the traditional labors of his group,
herding livestock and helping in agricultural work, was
determined to study to become a lawyer. According to Mandela,
the tales of the elders of his tribe, telling of how well the
Africans lived before the arrival of the white man, inspired him
in this regard:
“The elders would tell us about the
liberation and how it was fought out by our ancestors in defence
of our country, as well as the acts of valour performed by
generals and soldiers during those epic times. I hoped, and
vowed then, that amongst the pleasures that life might offer me,
would be the opportunity to serve my people and make my own
humble contribution to their struggle for freedom.”1
Although Mandela was able to go to
Fort Hare College, one of the few educational institutions
reserved for Blacks, these were not easy years for young people
of that race. He was soon suspended, along with someone who
would for many decades be his comrade in struggles, Oliver
Tambo, and other friends, for organizing a strike protesting the
dismissal of the powers of the Students’ Representative Council
by the university authorities. Upon his return home he
discovered that they had already prepared an arranged marriage
for him, along with plans for him to take on traditional chiefly
tasks which he seemed predestined for, but his desire to pursue
his studies led him to move to the big city, Johannesburg.
There Mandela worked in the mines
until he was able to secure an open position as an estate agent
for the Black wage
of some two pounds sterling per month. Later he became a typist
in a law office, Witkin, Sidelsky and Eidelman.
In
Johannesburg Mandela also established what would become a
historic relationship with a former miner, Walter Sisulu,
a fighter who was older than he and who later
gained Mandela
access to law school. In 1944 Mandela joined the African
National Congress (ANC), which had been established before his
birth, but was very active in those years of the war in Europe.
Together with Sisulu, Tambo, and others, he soon founded its
Youth League, of which Mandela was General Secretary. His fate
had been cast.
In 1948, with the arrival of the
National Party to power in South Africa, the features of the
repressive military state sharpened and non-Whites were
systematically excluded from any possibility of political or
social activity, with all aspects of their lives regulated
through the segregationist policy that came to be called
apartheid. Mandela and his colleagues in the Youth League
then convinced the ANC’s leadership of the need to carry out
militant mass actions, including strikes and civil disobedience.
In the face of strong repression that took many victims, in 1952
the ANC, together with the South African Indian Congress and
other groups, organized the Defiance Campaign against the most
intolerable aspects of apartheid, a campaign that practically
paralyzed the country.
The campaign consisted of ignoring
the signs on doors that said “Whites Only,” violating the curfew
that applied only to Blacks, and going freely into urban zones
that they were prohibited from entering. At the end of the year,
Mandela and 19 other leaders of the campaign were tried under
the Suppression of Communism Act and sentenced to nine months in
prison, although the sentences were suspended. That same year he
was elected President of the ANC in the strategic region of the
Transvaal and Deputy National President, but he was forced by
the government to resign his membership in 1953, when a court
declared him “banned.”
This curious judicial provision of
apartheid involved total restriction of movement, of interaction
with others, prohibition of your name appearing in the media,
etc. Mandela recalled:
“I found myself restricted and
isolated from my fellow men, trailed by officers of the Special
Branch wherever I went … I was made, by the law, a criminal, not
because of what I had done, but because of what I stood for.”2
During
those years, with his friend Oliver, he was able to establish
the law offices of Mandela and Tambo in Johannesburg. There,
despite constant harassment by the authorities, they were able
to represent in court, for the most part without fees, legions
of victims of the inhumane apartheid system.
Meanwhile the struggle was
radicalizing. In June 1955, in Kliptown, three thousand
delegates adopted the Freedom Charter, which was endorsed not
only by the ANC, but also by the South African Indian Congress,
the Coloured People’s Congress, the (white) Congress of
Democrats, and the South African Congress of Trade Unions. In
the course of the struggle the racial barriers that apartheid
had been designed to strengthen were being transcended.
But the regime continued to step up
its repression. In 1956 Mandela was one of the 156 defendants –
among them Chief Lutuli, Z.K. Matthews, Oliver Tambo, and Walter
Sisulu -- in the historic Treason Trial, which lasted five years
and ended in a fiasco for the regime, with the acquittal of all
the defendants. Nevertheless, before the trial concluded events
took place that would shake South Africa. In 1960, designated
“Africa Year” by the United Nations, a large number of countries
in Black Africa achieved their independence. These events
invigorated the struggle inside South Africa itself, where the
police fired on a group of peaceful demonstrators in the ghetto
of Sharpeville and killed 69 of them. There were protest
demonstrations inside and outside South Africa, and after that
South Africa would never be the same.
The regime declared a state of
emergency, banned the ANC and other organizations, and detained
20,000 people throughout the country, among them Mandela. The
following year, plans to transform South Africa into a republic
in which only the whites would continue to have civil rights,
generated a strong reaction from South African patriots, and
Mandela immediately had to go underground. From there he
organized a general strike to force the racist regime to abandon
its plans. The authorities acknowledged that, despite furious
repression, the strike was an enormous success in various parts
of the country. From that point Mandela warned that hopelessness
might soon drive the oppressed masses to strong reactions of
counterviolence.
In December 1961, the armed wing of
the ANC – Umkhonto we Sizwe (Spear of the Nation) – was
established, which carried out attacks and sabotage against
selected government installations. When a major operation to
capture Mandela was launched, he had to leave the country and
went on a world tour that contributed enormously to calling the
attention of world public opinion to what was taking place
inside South Africa. In early 1962, Mandela spoke at a Pan
African conference in Addis Ababa and took a course of military
training in Algeria, after which he infiltrated back into South
Africa, where the police captured him.
He was charged with having incited
the masses in the 1961 strike and with having left the country
without valid documents, and was sentenced to five years at hard
labor. In July 1963 Walter Sisulu and other underground leaders
were also captured, and in October of that year they were tried
along with Mandela, who had already completed his first year in
prison. The 10 defendants turned the trial into an accusation
against the regime and did not deny having taken part in acts of
sabotage. In an unprecedented move, the United Nations General
Assembly, by a vote of 160 to 1 (South Africa), called for the
immediate release of the defendants.
In his famous closing statement,
which shook the court and the consciousness of his country,
Mandela concluded by saying:
“During my lifetime I have dedicated
myself to this struggle of the African people. I have fought
against white domination and I have fought against black
domination. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free
society in which all persons live together in harmony and with
equal opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for and
to achieve. But if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am
prepared to die.”3
The regime found all the defendants
guilty, but did not dare sentence them to death. While awaiting
his sentencing, Mandela completed his final exams to obtain his
Law degree by correspondence from a British university. In the
street in front of the court, groups of Black demonstrators sang
“Nkosi Sikelel’ iAfrica.” With his comrades, Mandela was
sentenced to life imprisonment at hard labor and sent to Robben
Island.
![](http://www.lajiribilla.cu/2008/n377_07/mandela1.jpg)
In the twenty-some years of their
imprisonment, the political stature of Nelson Mandela and his
comrades grew to an almost mythical stature, while the regime
was sinking in its contradictions and cruelties.
The change in the relationship of
forces in the region, brought about by the independence of
Angola and Mozambique in 1975 and then Zimbabwe in 1980, made
the apartheid regime unsustainable. Beginning in 1976, the
spontaneous uprising of young people, practically children, in
Soweto who rejected having classes taught to them in the
Afrikaans language, showed that South Africa was changing
irreversibly: henceforth the internal situation was becoming
ungovernable no matter how much repression the regime applied.
On the very borders of the regime,
the joint forces of Cuba, Angola, and the Namibian and South
African patriots represented a barrier that shattered every
attempt by the apartheid regime to demonstrate its power and win
universal acceptability in the face of a growing world boycott
movement. In 1973 the United Nations declined to recognize the
credentials of the South African regime, as a result of which
that country’s seat in the international organization remained
vacant.
On various occasions the regime
offered to free Mandela if he accepted certain conditions. But
despite the harshness of his imprisonment, he remained firm in
his principles.
In the end, the unfolding of the
battles around Cuito Cuanavale at the end of 1987 and the start
of 1988 sealed the defeat of the apartheid regime, which had no
alternative but to seriously negotiate the Southwest African
Accords through which Namibia achieved its independence and the
South African regime promised to begin immediate conversations
with the outlawed ANC. Years later, Mandela spoke of what an
inspiration it was to him and the other prisoners on Robben
Island to receive the most fragmentary news of what had taken
place at Cuito Cuanavale.
When at the beginning of the decade
of the 1990s Mandela was finally clandestinely pulled out of
prison – this time by the apartheid regime –to take part in what
were initially secret negotiations, he was a much older man worn
down by the rigors of prison, but his spirit of sacrifice and
his zeal for a better future for his entire people remained
intact.
But how could people of all races
begin to live in peace after so many years of injustice and
cruelty? Only Mandela’s enormous prestige made it possible to
overcome this obstacle and bring the masses to accept the
principle of the Truth and Reconciliation Process. In essence
the process mandated that any person who admitted to crimes
during the time of the struggle and publicly repented them would
be pardoned. Only those who refused to confess would be tried
for crimes. This is how South African society could move forward
in peace.
At a critical time in the
negotiations, a white man from the extreme right murdered one of
the most prestigious and beloved leaders of the struggle, Chris
Hani. This crime incensed the black masses, who were at the
point of going into the streets to seek reprisals, which could
have led to racial confrontations. The leading figures of the
regime, terrified, immediately approached Mandela, imploring him
to intervene to maintain order. Mandela addressed the masses,
explaining to them that a white extremist had in fact, murdered
Chris Hani. But he immediately followed that up by also
stressing that said extremist was captured as a result of
information from a white woman, given at the risk of her own
life. The masses focused on paying homage to Chris Hani at his
funeral, and there were no incidences of violence.
On the basis of the first free and
multiracial elections in South Africa, held in April 1994,
Nelson Mandela and his ANC won a landslide victory, winning
nearly two-thirds of the votes in the entire country. Mandela
had always stated that he thought he would remain at the head of
the nation only for a period of five years, and then would
withdraw into private life, and that is what he did.
Of course, during his five years in
government quite a number of books and some films appeared about
his life, authorized by Mandela himself. It is noteworthy that
these works even delve into intimate and painful aspects, family
problems suffered, etc., and that Mandela, conscious of his role
as a public figure, authorized their full exposure. That speaks
to the modesty and grandeur of this man.
This man, a model of statesmanship,
infused with a spirit of self-sacrifice, is one of Cuba’s best
friends in the world. A friend in good times and bad, never
turning his back on his own friends for reasons of opportunism
or expedience, he has never skimped on expressing thanks and
praise to our country and our supreme leader for what they
contributed to Africa’s liberation struggles. Nelson Mandela, at
90 years of age, is one of those great heroes who honor us, all
Cubans, with his sincere friendship.
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