By Luis
Sexto
Read Spanish Version
From Insurgente digital
http://progreso-weekly.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=134&Itemid=1
HAVANA --
"The most common judgment defines bureaucracy by the item of
furniture that distinguishes it -- the bureau, the work
table -- and by the material usually utilized to record its
decisions: paper.
"But those
metaphors are eminently simplistic. Einstein may have
cogitated while leaning over a table and made his
calculations on paper, but we couldn't call him a bureaucrat
for that reason. And if we wanted to extend that description
to a doctor who listens to his patient's complaints while
seated at a desk, or a writer who drafts his novel seated
also at a desk, we would be just as mistaken.
"That's
because bureaucracy finds its definition in an attitude that
is little related to its palpable attributes. Rather, it is
an intangible evil, almost untouchable because it is
tortuous [...]"
To begin to
understand bureaucracy, we would have to turn to Max Weber,
the author of a voluminous book that carried certain
sociological certainties for the interpretation of that
entity that pervades capitalism.
I shall not
now review its chapters. This article hopes to present
democracy as a practical problem, although it transcends
what's purely technical and injects itself into the
ideological sphere and, within it, the political arena. I
prefer to turn to another book and tune into your wavelength
without philosophizing too much.
Here, then,
I give the three definitions given in the dictionary of the
Royal Academy of Spain: "Bureaucracy: (1) Public servants as
a whole. (2) The excessive influence of functionaries in
public affairs. (3) Management that becomes inefficient
because of paperwork, rigidity and superfluous formalities."
The third definition is closest to that which experience has
allowed me to deduce.
My
experience in Cuba, not anywhere else. Because it is the
role of bureaucracy in my country that I am interested in
elucidating and warning about its dangers to the improvement
of socialism. From the viewpoint of a journalist, of course,
who is an observer and sometimes the pained object of
bureaucratic attitudes.
The best
definition of bureaucracy, or the bureaucratic mentality, I
read in a short article by Eduardo Galeano. It was a kind of
evangelical parable. Although our Greco-Latin culture is not
as narrative as the Hebrew culture of Biblical times,
sometimes a tale illuminates the encapsulated concepts of
analysts so we may understand them in all their
transparency.
The author
of "The Open Veins of Latin America" says that, in a
military garrison, the officer of the guard punished a
soldier by ordering him to stand guard next to a bench on
the parade grounds. For hours, the soldier guarded the
bench, which did not need any protection.
The officer
finished his tour of duty and forgot to revoke his order.
The officer who replaced him, having no knowledge of the
circumstances, relieved the punished soldier but replaced
him with another. So, the "bench detail" went on for 20
years, until finally someone asked what its purpose was --
and nobody could provide an answer.
Therefore, bureaucracy -- which is necessary in many aspects
of public administration -- becomes dangerous when it loses
the sense of its objective.
José Martí,
a liberator and thinker for all times, foresaw the dangers
of an uncontrolled bureaucracy that would hold the strings
of power. "Bureaucratic life" was to Martí "a danger and a
scourge and he wished for the Cuban republic to be free of
the "plague of the bureaucrats."
Evidently,
Martí suspected that the bureaucracy, as a representative of
the interests of the people, might at one point jettison
those interests and take into account only its own, as a
group or caste.
Today, the
rigidity, paperwork, the inefficient management that the
dictionary attributes to bureaucracy has "mediocresized" and
decontextualized the prerogatives of the Cuban socialist
state.
It has been
a sort of Fairy Godmother in reverse: everything that
bureaucracy's magic wand touches becomes a caricature of the
socialist aspirations. It mistreats and upsets every
creative endeavor that Fidel Castro's revolution brought to
Cuba.
In the words
of the sharp-witted Giovanni Papini, bureaucracy -- when
turned into a mentality, an ideology -- holds the secret of
a "copropherous" alchemy, that is, it can turn gold into
excrement.
In this,
bureaucracy has become an unwitting or involuntary
accomplice of the U.S. blockade. Maybe, also unconsciously,
it is to bureaucracy's advantage that the blockade continue,
as a guarantee of bureaucracy's interferential and anarchic
existence.
In Cuba,
vox populi says, bureaucratic attitudes respond to each
solution with a problem; with a "no" to a "yes." And they
dilute every initiative with red tape and meetings. And they
see reality through their tinted glasses, or from their
balconies, which are usually in high towers away from the
streets and the workshops. Or through reports that are
usually adulterated by those who do not wish that truth be
known.
I do not
exaggerate. And if I say it here, in this leftist space, it
is because the Left needs to know about people's
experiences, and because I have often said it in my
country's newspapers. Enough of explanations -- if indeed
the reader needs a justification for what he is reading.
European
socialism dissolved like Alka Seltzer in water thanks to
bureaucratic distortions. Distortions that forced political
discourse to hover in the air while the people's reality
became bogged down in the mud.
Let's not
invent enemies. The principal causes of the extinction of
20th-Century socialism, the socialism that failed, were
within it: a mentality (not to say a caste) was incubated
that jettisoned the predominance of the working class.
Who profited
from the ruination of the Soviet Union? Who are the rich in
today's Russia? The bureaucrats, who -- long before
Gorbachev, Yeltsin and their ilk -- replaced the floor of
the socialist state with quicksand. The bureaucracy, of
course, emerged from a society that had been frozen by its
vertical structures, to the detriment of a horizontal,
democratic structure.
This should
be clear to us: where democracy is missing and centralism
expands, reducing the sides, bureaucracy prospers. With it,
dogma and corruption prosper, too.
Any project
to renew and perfect socialism in Cuba will have to face and
quell the resistance of the bureaucracy -- not to mention
the opposition of the United States and its permanent war,
and the efforts of those people in our country who try to
push Cuba into capitalism, one way or another.
The
bureaucracy will oppose anything that seems to limit its
interests, its privileges, its ability to delegitimize every
constructive decision. Any legitimate freedom will face the
bureaucracy's hostility, in the form of indifference,
extremism and distortion.
There's more
than enough facts to confirm this. Why did the Basic Units
of Cooperative Production, a political decision of the
Communist Party in 1993, become paralyzed and failed? The
answer is well known by those mighty business people who
held (like generous feudal lords) power over the farm and
cattle production.
They
prevented the consolidation of this basic principle of farm
production: the autonomy to utilize the means of production
that the state sold to the workers' collectives and to
utilize the land that had been granted to the workers by the
state.
The
entrepreneurial structures continued to impose their
command, breaking laws, rules and procedures and limiting
the relative independence of the cooperatives. As Raúl
Castro denounced on July 26, our agriculture has been
overcome by the marabú, the almost indestructible
weed that covers and chokes every nearby plant. Many years
earlier, Fidel charged that the countryside had been filled
with office buildings.
Even in
stores, bureaucracy introduces its narrowness of vision.
Stores with numerous doors keep only one door open, for
entrance and exit. Inside, depending on the merchandise, the
buyers have to pay at different cash registers, thereby
wasting their time.
And what
about legal paperwork, particular the paperwork needed for
housing construction? Or the paperwork needed to become
self-employed? An image comes to mind: the Stations of the
Cross, with Pontius Pilate dispensing red tape at every
stop. In a word: hermetism. Immobility. Sometimes,
corruption.
The same (or
worse) may occur in other countries. But ideological and
political confrontation in Cuba seems to me to be
inexcusable. Unthinkable. The survival of the Revolution is
at stake. Because bureaucratic actions are time-consuming,
limiting and infuriating, they tend to extinguish the cause
of socialism in the hearts of the people.
The antidote
is the people. By expanding the democratic uses, spaces and
controls and by making economic structures more flexible we
can reduce bureaucracy to its first definition in the
dictionary: public servants as a whole. That is its ideal
status.
However,
shall we be brave enough to order the bureaucrats -- like
the tamer orders the lions -- to slink, heads down, to the
corner of the stage where they belong?
Luis Sexto, a Cuban
journalist, writes a regular column in the daily Juventud
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