|
|
![]() Dialogue with Frei Betto in Cuba Claudia Korol / Alternative Echo Network INCOMPLETE AND STILL BEING EDITED.. A CubaNews translation by Joe Bryak. Edited by Walter Lippmann. What is proposed for us is how to reinvent socialism, in the sense that socialism, before being a project of development, has to be a project of humanity, of civilization, of human virtues. I believe that with the organization in Cuba of the Martin Luther King, Jr. Center, now in its twentieth year, we help to strongly change the vision previously held of Paulo Freire, not only in Cuba, but on the Latin American left. In the Havana neighborhood of Marianao, in the Martin Luther King, Jr. Center, we chatted with Frei Betto. The Brazilian Dominican friar, known for his contributions to liberation theology and to popular education, traveled to Cuba to participate in the celebrations of the 20th anniversary of this center, which was often the site of our meetings, and to dream of new possibilities for emancipatory battles on the continent. It was also at the Martin Luther King, Jr. center where we pooled our resources to imagine America Libre [Free America] magazine. It was also where we met with Silvio Rodriguez, inviting him to participate in the ceremony commemorating 30 years since Che fell. It was organized by the magazine, in which Silvio took part in an homage with Chico Buarque, Daniel Viglietti, Victor Heredia and other popular artists. The 20-year existence of the Martin Luther King Center marks the memories and reflections which we were here sharing . . . Claudia Korol: It's already 22 years since your book, "Fidel and Religion." What did it mean in your life and in your faith to know Cuba, and to meet Fidel? Frei Betto: Actually, since I was a young
boy I admired the Cuban Revolution, because I am from the generation
which was 20 years old in the first years of the revolution, a
generation that followed the Vietnam war, the Beatles . . . For me Cuba
was a paradigm. After I entered the armed struggle against the military
dictatorship in Brazil, when I was a prisoner, we used to listen to
Radio Havana Cuba in my cell, to hear news of Brazil. We had a secret
radio in the cell, which was prohibited, and there we used to hear Radio
Havana every night. We followed the news of the famous ten million ton
sugar harvest--which wasn't achieved -- but we [rooted] for it. Then,
Cuba was a reference point, more than anything, because I, in my
revolutionary work, have sent several
comrades on to Cuba who
secretly left via the Brazilian border with Argentina and Uruguay. But
we never imagined the possibility of knowing Cuba, of coming to Cuba,
until in 1980 I met Fidel at the first anniversary of the Sandinista
revolution in Nicaragua. We had a long conversation, mediated by Miguel
D'Escoto, who is a priest, a friend of mine and a friend of Fidel. Fidel
invited me to come to Cuba, but at that time it was very difficult. We
were still living under the dictatorship, which ended in Brazil in 1985.
There were risks. I had been in jail twice. Fidel proposed to me helping
a rapprochement between church and state in Cuba. I intended, in those years, to write a little book for young Brazilians, on Cuban socialism. I expounded this project to Fidel, and I asked him if he was disposed to repeat for an interview, in the epilogue, these statements of his on Christianity and socialism. He said, "Yes, I am willing, no problem. When can you come back?" "Well, can it be in May?" I asked. So it was that I came to Cuba in May. When I arrived, the following day Radio Marti began to transmit to Havana, from Miami. Fidel was totally taken up with this new development, and he told me that there would be no interview, because he was concentrating on this. I felt like Hemingway's old man in /The Old Man and the Sea. /I am either going to fish this shark now, or nevermore. "Never more." [He repeated this latter, 2-word sentence, the second time in English--trans.] I kept persisting, and before my persistence, Fidel asked me, "What kind of questions do you want to ask me?" I had prepared a list of 64 questions. I read the first five, and he said, "We'll begin tomorrow." What is my impression of his acceptance? Perhaps Fidel thought I was going to ask very theoretical questions. I began with the personal. What was the religiosity of your mother, what was your religious formation? When you were a child did you use to pray? How was it in school? [He used the familiar tu with Fidel--trans.] I think he liked that, to speak about his life and not about his concepts. In spite of the fact that his thinking and thoughts are in the book, they are based on his experience in life, of struggle, of militancy. Thus came the book, which has sold a
million copies in Cuba, two million copies in the outside world. It was
translated into 23 languages in 32 countries, because in Latin America
Spanish is good enough to be understood in almost every country. It was
an important success, especially to help, in my opinion, to end the
prejudices of the communists and the believers' fears. CK: Beyond the book, you have maintained
a dialogue with Fidel during all these years. What impression do you
have of Fidel, of his personality, his role in history? To speak of Cuba, to speak of Fidel, is to speak of how are we going to help this country to reinvent socialism after the fall of the Berlin wall, of the Soviet Union, after the very odd road that China has taken. What is proposed for us is how to reinvent socialism, in the sense that socialism, before being a project of development, has to be a project of humanity, of civilization, of human virtues. I believe that Fidel has gone forward in history. He will always be a person who will serve as an example, like Che, who gave his life for the poorest. He was already in power; he could have taken it easy, but he let go of all his functions and privileges to begin back at zero as a man underground, first in the Congo and later in the jungle of Bolivia, to serve in the liberation of Bolivia and of Latin America. I think that Fidel has created a socialist society which maintains itself, because he knew how to create very original values here. For example, the first time that I came to Cuba I thought I would find a bust of Marx or Lenin on every street corner. And I did find a man with receding hair, with a big sweeping mustache, whom I did not recognize. [A reference to ubiquitous busts of Jose Marti--trans.] I didn't recognize him because I live in Brazil, and Brazil at that time had turned its back on Latin America and faced Europe, [and] the U.S. The process of the Latinamericanization of Brazil was just beginning. Then I realized that this revolution followed Marti more than it did Marx. It has used the theory of Marx in the construction of its socialist project, but the thinking of Jose Marti has much deeper roots; it is much stronger in this country than all Marxist and Leninist theories. For me this explains how Cuba could resist the pressures of global colonization and of imperialism. Because a copy of the bourgeois patriarchal model was not constructed here. To explain myself better, I believe that one of the errors of the Soviet revolution was to change the system without changing the model. The Soviet model was a Czarist model. The Czar's carriages were replaced with the luxury cars of the Kremlin. And the nomenklatura [bureaucracy] was like the [Czar's] court. Then, lamentably, this is a tendency that there is in history, that when a group arrives in power, as happened in the French revolution and in other places, it has the tendency to imitate its predecessor, with new language, new intentions, but the basic political structures remain, the reproduction of its predecessor. This did not happen in Cuba. Cuba was able to create an original revolution, which even kept the religiosity of its people. Here there was no repression of religion
for being a religion. There is always respect for Cuban religious
syncretism, which is very similar to what there is in Brazil, especially
in Bahia. All the poetic, musical, humorous ways of Cuban culture have
been valued by the revolution. That explains why, despite all the
pressures and difficulties, Cuba remains an example despite being today
a quadruple island: a geographic island, an island because it is the
only socialist country in the West, an island for being blockaded by the
U.S., and an island for having a model of a society that at the same
time is unique, and is in solidarity with all the poor of the world.
Cuba has teachers and doctors in more than 40 countries of the world. I
believe this creates an example and hope for those of us who wish to
construct a new civilizing project. CK: We have many times discussed the role of personality in history. What relationship is there between the role of individual personalities and popular processes? What do you believe are the effects of the personality of Fidel which have contributed to imprinting this character to the Cuban revolution? FB: I am very convinced of the importance of the individual in history, although I am not going to say that this is a unique element. I will make a comparison. Linguists say that every language has a unique matrix, a language structure that is common to all languages. A short while ago, an indigenous group was discovered in Brazil which breaks all linguistic patterns. These people are capable of making themselves understood by song or whistle, by musicality, by intonation, without using nouns and adjectives, without making oral sentences. This is absolutely a revolution in linguistics, because never before was anything similar found. There is a French anthropologist who spent ten years there, and a little while ago he published a book with the results of his studies which revolutionized previous concepts. I am going to say then, as well that not always, nor in all cultures, is an individual going to have much importance. Perhaps we will arrive at a time in which common shared experience will be more important. As with the indigenous people themselves. For them the feeling of being a people is much more important than the sense of individual personhood. And they are recognized in the community. For us, no. The Christian culture is very centered in the personification of God. Then we have the tendency to exalt the individual, and we believe much more in living examples than in doctrinal concepts. No party convinces us to have the best law, the best program. It wins us over by having the best militants, those who give an example of loving our neighbor, the collective, a future sharing of resources. In that sense, Fidel has been a preponderant figure. He will remain an example. And that will depend on the revolution knowing how to cultivate this heritage, this example, as we do today with Che. This year we are commemorating 40 years since [Che's] death, but he remains alive in the memory of the people, in our collective unconsciousness, and our revolutionary task is to keep this flame alive, as we are going to maintain the flame of those who are an example for us. CK: A little while ago there was a premiere in Brazil of "Baptism of Blood," a movie on the dictatorship in that country, based on your book of the same name. Continuing [the theme of] the memory of some irreplaceable people, this movie also brings us the memory of Marighella. FB: Truly, "Baptism of Blood" was a book that took me ten years, from '73 to '83, because I wanted to remember, visit all the places where a group of Dominican friars joined the National Liberating Action of Carlos Marighella, a great revolutionary, and we participated as a support group to the urban guerrilla. And also rural, because we helped prepare the rural guerrilla that was not able to establish itself from the NLA. "Baptism of Blood" is a detailed narration of all the events which involved the Dominicans, including the death of Marighella, in the way he was killed, and the drama of the torture of Frei Tito, who ended up committing suicide to avoid the unbearable. There is a sentence he wrote in his bible, underlined in the movie, which is "It is better to die than to lose one's life." He killed himself to not lose his life,
to not lose control over himself. "Baptism of Blood" has a powerful
impact, because of all the films which were made in Brazil on the
military dictatorship, none is so realistic, so strong. None go so
deeply behind the scenes into what the dictatorship was, into the depth
of the human subjectivity of the victims of the dictatorship. This is
the impact of the film. Why does it impact one? Not only for its
realism, but for its beauty as well, the music, the colors. In the
Festival of Brasilia, which is the most important film festival of
Brazil, it received the prize for best direction and best photography.
Its director, Helvecio Ratton, has made a movie which gathers elements
that, in the minds of the majority of people, are antagonistic. For
example, spirituality and the option of armed struggle. Idealism and the
capacity of lending oneself to a cause, without seeking personal reward.
Obedience to the Church, because that group never broke with the Church,
and at the same time obedience to a revolutionary movement. These are
factors that frighten people. Many people say, especially boys: "I never
imagined there was a group of revolutionary friars." Also, "I thought
that all those tortures and deaths had happened in Chile and Argentina,
not in Brazil." It is a movie which also helps to bring to the surface the archives of the dictatorship. Brazil is the only country in South America that has yet to open its military archives. It opened the archives of the civil police, but the military refused to open them, and lamentably the government, which has an ex-political prisoner in command, that is Lula, who is constitutionally the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, did not have sufficient authority to order the Armed Forces to open their archives. But the archives [are] alive, like myself, they are there, and in that sense you have to give homage to Brazilian art, like the cinema, which is opening the archives, and perhaps in a more productive manner for the military, who were the administrative and judicial [keepers of] the archives. [[NOTE TO WALTER: NOT very clear here; I think his attention wandered and he made a grammatical goof, omission. I went out on a limb to make what seemed to me to be sense out of above.]] Because art has a perennial international reach. It is a movie that within fifty years is going to continue being current, like the record of an era. The figure of Marighella is very strong. Marighella hwas a communist militant in Bahia, son of workers. His father was an Itdalian worker, his mother black, daughter of slaves. He was a very intelligent man who, at some time, when he entered the Engineering Faculty--he didn't finish his course because of his militance--made a chemistry test in verse. He had a great poetic ability. By the time of the Vargas dictatorship, in the '40s, he was imprisoned for his militance in the Communist Party, and he was known as one who did not talk under torture. Marighella broke with the party after the beginning of the dictatorship of '64, because the party chose a pacifist road, an unarmed road, and Marighella--from my point of view quite correctly--saw that the pacifist road was not viable at that time of brutal repression, and the only response had to be with arms. [[ANOTHER SLIP ON AUTHOR'S PART HERE, WALTER, WHERE HE SEEMED TO SAY A CONTRADICTORY THING, THAT NON PACIFISM WAS NOT POSSIBLE--TRUST ME, HE MADE A SLIP OF THE TONGUE]] I of course am proud of that moment, of having fought at his side, of having participated in his revolutionary organization. I see that we had everything. We had ideology, we had courage, we had idealism, we had money from the bank expropriations. The only thing we did not have was one detail, but that detail is essential: we did not have the support of the people. But this struggle was also important, in
order to afterwards realize that we had to change our methods. And
truly, after going through the experience of armed struggle and prison
we were able to find a road in Brazil that has led to the
redemocratization and the construction of an expressive popular
movement, which today is the Movement of the Landless Workers. And the
very fact that Lula, a labor unionist, a metallurgist, achieved the
presidency of the Republic, is the fruit of an accumulation of forces
that began from the self criticism that we made in prison and which made
possible the growth of a popular movement, with the very significant
addition of the poorest Christian sectors, and therefore of the people,
through the ecclesiastic base communities. [[ANOTHER EDITORIAL TWEAK OF
MINE--he'd lost his subject-verb connection, wandered. I fixed, through
changing verb tense.]] CK: This also brings us to the memory of Paulo Freire, and to the mention of another book of yours: /That School Called Life, /which you coauthored with Freire. What impact did the proposal of Paulo Freire have in that new political stage, and in the recomposition of the popular movement attacked by the dictatorship? FB: Really, Paulo Freire was very important in all the social process, no only in Brazil, but in Latin America and in many Portuguese-speaking African countries. The problem is that when Paulo Freire began his work, he was not well understood by some intellectuals in the Brazilian Communist Party, who qualified him as idealist and Hegelian. This got to the Soviet Union, and after Paulo Freire had already advanced quite a lot, and had published books that have quite a Marxist structure and logic, like /Pedagogia del Oprimido [Pedagogia of the Oppressed], /in many communist sectors that prejudice toward him continued. Then I, in contact with Nicaragua, and
later with Cuba, tried to speak a lot of the importance of Paulo Freire
in working with the people, the work of raising consciousness and
mobilization of the poor.I believe that Paulo Freire gave us the tools
so that we intellectuals will lose the pretension of being vanguard of
the proletariat. Or the proletariat has to be its own vanguard, and we
go in the rear guard, or we are going to return to establish elitist
forms of struggle. I believe that with the organization in Cuba of the
Marin Luther King, Jr. Center, that now commemorates 20 years, we help
to deeply change the vision had of Paulo Freire, not only in Cuba, but
in the left of Latin America. This culminated in '97, when he received
gthe title of Doctor Honoris Causa of the University of Havana, but he
became ill. He called me and said, "Betto, I can't travel to Havana. I
just got sick. I want you to represent me in the university." But I had
planned a trip to Palestine and I couldn't travel to repreent him
either. Four, five days later he died. But the mission was completed.
Paulo Freire is today an irreplaceable figure for all those who want to
work in the line of popuular struggle. That is, that the poor, the
oppressed, the excluded, be historical subjects, not objects to be
manipulated, not objects of our revolutionary intentions, but historical
subjects for the construction of socialism and of a new civilizing
process. I believe that his theory, his methodology, is absolutely
necessary in this sense. CK: You spoke of socialism, more than as a project of development, as a project of humanity. You met the "Framers of Socialism" (the name of another of your books). Today, when you again discuss the socialist project in Latin America, if you had to think which were the principal errors of socialism in the 20th century, and what should be put forward for discussion now, what would you propose? FB: I believe that the main error of
socialism, tdhe original sin of the socialism that began in Russia, was
the abandonment of the project of the sponsorship of the soviets. The
moment in which the project of having the Soviets as spearheads was
discarded, there began the imitation of Czarism. The structure of the
Soviet party, the CP of the USSR, after the death of Lenin, came to be
an autocratic structure, from top to bottom, and not from the bottom
toward the top. With that the project of socialist democracy was
compromised. No human project can be successful if there is not a
permanent mechanism of criticism and self criticism, of evaluation, of
perceiving its mistakes. When this project has as paradigm the advances
of capitalism, it is worse yet. To believe that socialism is electricity
or the space race, or nuclear missiles . . . that is not socialism.
Socialism is creating new men and women. I believe that the centrality
of the human being is fundamental, in order that one does not lose the
dimension of that which is socialism. We cannot sacrifice anyone on the
road to development, to programs of material betterment. A people, like
the indigenous people, can be very happy, live with a very high degree
of humanity, in conditions very precarious compared to capitalist
development. For me a model of socialism is the convent in which I live,
the monasteries in which we live with simplicity, share all our
resources, and we are happy. Why can't society be like that? It can be
like that! We are different people, we have talents, intelligence,
different cultures, but complementary. And we all have equal rights and
equal opportunities. Then I believe that today socialism is constructed
as a process of perfecting democracy, and democracy is perfected each
day with more popular participation. We have to advance beyond a
democracy that is merely delegative, as it is today--that is not even a
representative democracy, because we delegate, but we don't feel
ourselves effectively represented--to a participative democracy. This
means that strengthening the popular movement, from my point of view, is
the most important task at this time to achieve this civilizing advance,
and therefore achieve the winning of a socialist society. CK: What evaluation do you make today of your participation in governmental work, leading the Zero Hunber program? FB: For me the work in Zero Hunger has been important in the two first years of Lula's government. I thank Lula for the honor of this invitation. But the government has taken some paths that I am not in agreement with, especially in economic policy.The government has based economic policy on the neoliberal model of rigorous fiscal controls, in contradiction to social projects. The verysame Zero Hunger at one stage began to be disfigured, reduced to one of his programs, although it is the most important, which is that of the distribution of rents: the family scholarship program, that today helps eleven million families survive who are living in poverty. Seven million have climbed out of poverty, but this program does not have an exit [strategy]. The moment the government stops giving that money to those families, they are not going to produce their own earnings. Why? Because until now the government did not
have the audacity to satisfy one of the most important historical
demands of Bdrazil, which is to have Agrarian Reform. With one detail,
we are the only country in the Americas which has a cultivable area of
continental dimensions. Because in spite of the fact that the territory
of Canada and the United States are comparable to that of Brazil, they
do not have as much arable land as does Brazil, because even including
an area that is not arable, as is a good part of Amazonia, it is a very
rich area--fish, fruit, vegetables, prime resources for medicine. It is
a countgry that is privileged by nature. i usually say that god wanted
to invent Eden, lost paradise, in Brazil, and that's why he has not
given us any natural catastrophe. Our only catastrophe is politics, the
political clase that we have. The "family scholarship" program, in
200y6, has given 15 billion reales for 11 million people, and the "full
belly" has given for 20,000 families, the creditors of public debt, 150
billion reales. Then for me there is no future in a country that
benefits its richest thieves that way. CK: At the same time this type of programs reinforces cronyism. FB: Yes, of course. It reinforces
cronyism, and it is a program that answers to the World Bank projects
that says that you have to treat the poor with focused, helping
policies, but never with policies involving changes of structure and of
the erradication of misery and poverty. CK: At what stage is liberation theology now, and what challenges does it face, along with the type of Christianity that has taken the side of the poor? FB: Liberation theology is disseminated by the Church, although from the doctrinal and hierarchical point of view there is a vaticanization in the Catholic church, a growing control. We have less and less a Church with the face of our peoples, with a brown face. We have a Church ever more Europeanized, from the point of view of its power structure. But the base communities continue with another vision, which is not the vision of these Europeanized bishops. The ecclesiastical communities continue being elements of fermentation for a critical conscience of the world, of the system, and a place for the formation of cadres. This is disturbing, and is going to continue being disturbing. It is a much more evangelic vision, much more liberating, much more progressive.
|
|
|
|
|
Entrevistas [undated, but downloaded June 13, 2007] http://ecaminos.org/leer.php/4698 Lo que se plantea para nosotros, es cómo reinventar el socialismo. En el sentido de que el socialismo, antes que ser un proyecto de desarrollo, tiene que ser un proyecto de humanidad, de civilización, de virtudes humanas. Creo que con la organización en Cuba del Centro Martin Luther King Jr., que ahora conmemora 20 años, ayudamos a cambiar mucho la visión que se tenía de Paulo Freire, no solamente en Cuba, sino en la izquierda de América Latina. . En el barrio de Marianao de La Habana, en
el Centro Martin Luther King Jr., charlamos con Frei Betto. El fraile
dominico brasileño, conocido por su contribución a la teología de la
liberación y a la educación popular, viajó a Cuba para participar de las
celebraciones del 20 aniversario de este Centro, que muchos veces fue
lugar para nuestros encuentros, y para soñar las nuevas posibilidades de
las batallas emancipatorias del continente. Fue también en el Centro
Martin Luther King, donde compartimos los esfuerzos de imaginar la
revista América Libre. Fue aquí donde nos reunimos con Silvio Rodríguez,
invitándolo a participar del acto por los 30 años de la caída del Che,
organizado por la revista, en el que Silvio compartió un homenaje
sentido junto a Chico Buarque, Daniel Viglietti, Víctor Heredia, y otros
artistas populares. Los 20 años del Centro Martin Luther King son
entonces el marco de los recuerdos y reflexiones que aquí fuimos
compartiendo… Claudia Korol: Ya se cumplen 22 años de
su libro “Fidel y la Religión” ¿Qué significó en su vida y en su fe,
conocer a Cuba, y conocer a Fidel? CK: Más allá del libro, usted ha
sostenido un diálogo con Fidel durante todos estos años. ¿Qué impresión
tiene sobre Fidel, sobre su personalidad, su rol en la historia? CK: Muchas veces hemos discutido sobre el
rol de la personalidad en la historia, ¿Qué relación existe entre el rol
de determinadas personalidades, y los procesos populares? ¿Cuáles son a
su entender los rasgos de la personalidad de Fidel, que han contribuido
a imprimir este carácter a la revolución cubana? CK: Hace poco tiempo se estrenó en Brasil
"Bautismo de Sangre", una película sobre la dictadura en ese país,
realizada a partir de su libro del mismo nombre. Siguiendo con el
recuerdo de algunos imprescindibles, esta película nos trae también la
memoria de Marighella. CK: Esto nos lleva también al recuerdo de
Paulo Freire, y a la mención de otro libro suyo: Esa escuela llamada
vida, que hizo en coautoría con Freire. ¿Qué impacto tuvo la propuesta
de Paulo Freire en esa nueva etapa política, y en la recomposición del
movimiento popular golpeado por la dictadura? CK: Usted hablaba del socialismo, más que
como un proyecto de desarrollo, como un proyecto de humanidad. Conoció
“los bastidores del socialismo” (nombre de otro de sus libros). Hoy que
vuelve a discutirse el proyecto socialista en América Latina, si tuviera
que pensar cuáles fueron los principales errores del socialismo en el
siglo 20, y qué debería ponerse en discusión en la actualidad ¿que
propondría? CK: ¿Qué evaluación hace hoy de su
participación en tareas de gobierno, al frente del programa Hambre Cero?
CK: A la vez este tipo de programas
refuerza el clientelismo. CK: ¿En qué momentos se encuentra, y
frente a qué desafíos la teología de la liberación y el cristianismo que
ha hecho su opción por los pobres? |
|
|